Ownership

Public Service Broadcasting

Is a public service that includes radio, TV and any other electronic functions that informs, educates and entertains the audience. 

The BBC Funding
The BBC is the only Public Service Broadcaster in the UK. In 1925 John Reith said that the BBC should be there to educate, inform and entertain. It was set up to remain free from government pressures and free from commercial. The TV was invented first but they decided to carry on with radio because the war had a big influence on it in he 1920's; then TV came around in 1936. The BBC are funded by licence fees such as TV licence's, they didn't want to be a commercial broadcaster and didn't want the government to fund them either, which is why they set up the license fee which essentially is where each household would have to pay £150 for a colour TV and £49 for a black and white TV. This money then goes towards all of their programmes and the running of the channel.

Commercial Broadcasting 

Introduction
Commercial broadcasting is different TV channels who use adverts to get their funding. These include channels such as ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5, where they are funded through advertisement. 

ITV funding 
ITV was set up in 1962 and they would sell sell their audiences to advertisers. However, there were strict rules, with the amount of hours of each kind of programme they could show, much similar to the BBC, they have to educate, inform and entertain.

Channel 4 funding
Channel 4 was launched on the 2nd November, 1982. Channel 4 are prominently funded through sponsorship and advertisement. Originally it was set up to provide a TV programme to very niche audiences, however it is one of the most viewed channels and is becoming increasingly popular during this past few years. In addition to the main Channel 4 service there are other popular channels that they own such as Film4, 4music, E4 and More4 which are becoming more and more popular with film opportunity's and music opportunity's for young people and others who are interested in those areas. 

Corporate Ownership

Introduction
Corporate ownership is where individuals and other organisations are increasingly having more and more shares in mass media. Organisations such as Walt Disney, Viacom, CBS, News Corp, Time Warner etc; 

Time Warner (About them and list of assets)
Time Warner Inc. is the world's second largest media company with major internet, publishing, film, telecommunications and television divisions after Disney.


Here is a list of assets they own:

• HBO
• Time Inc
• IPC Media (which is a UK publisher)

                  -NME
                  -Country Life
                  -Horse to hound
                  -Soaplife
                  -Marie Clare

• Group Editorial Edition
• Turner Broadcasting System

                -NBA (basketball)

                -NCAA

                -Adult Swim

                -Cartoon Network

                -CNN

• Warner Bros. Entertainment

               -DC Comics

               -Mad Magazines

               -Castle Rock

               -Looney Tunes

               -WB Games

Former assets:

• AOL
• Comedy Central
• Panavision 
• Six Flags Theme Parks

Private Ownership

What is it?
Unlike public media ownership, private media have the ability to change their course in seeking more profits. There are two types of private ownership, one where it is owned by an individual or a group of people, or where it is owned by shareholders. The primary focus of being in private media is to make a profit however they can change their ability to find different markets in order to gain more profit, rather than having a set market.

Global Companies

Global Companies are companies that are based around the world, not just a specific country, in the media industry there are six main companies that own majority of the world's media industry, they are:

• VIACOM
• NEWS CORPORATION
• WALT DISNEY
• SONY
• GENERAL ELECTRIC
• TIME WARNER

These big companies own smaller companies who in the media industry are involved with telelvison, music, films and gaming etc; Such as News Corporation, they own majority of the worlds newspapers. Walt Disney owns majority of the film industry as well. [click here for the full list of assets]

Integration/Monopoly

What is it?
Horizontal Integration is when one company owns another company in the same sector. For instance if Warner Bros wanted to buy out 20th Century Fox.

Horizontal Monopoly is when one company owns all the company's in one media format for instance if Rupert Murdoch owned all newspapers or if Warner Bros owned everyone production company, then this would create a horizontal monopoly, this would create no competition because one company or individual would own everything in the same sector.

Vertical Integration would be when a company owns different parts of the media sector such as Warner Bros, they own their production company and distribution company.

Vertical Monopoly is when also where production companies own the productions sector, the distribution sector and the exhibition sector. They do this to earn maximum profits from their production as the exhibition sector earns the most profit from a film production. For example Warner Bros do this.

Sources of Funding

The Licence Fee: A Licence Fee is where households pay to watch TV, also known as a TV Licence. The BBC are funded through this method because they don't want to be commerically funded or funded by the goverment.

Subscription: Is where people subscribe to watch, companies such as Sky use this as they get people to subscribe and then the money is use to fund their company.

One-payment to own product: This means where people pay for a one time product such as DVD's, you pay once and you can watch them again and again and again. The companies then make money from this.

Pay per view: This means you pay everytime you watch something, channels such as G.O.L.D and ESPN use this, where you pay to watch certain programmes.

Sponsorship: This is when companies sponser a programme/channel and the money is then to help fund this. Programmes which use this would be Coronation Street (ITV)who are funded by Cadbury's.

Advertising: This is where companies advertise on certain channels, they pay to try and sell their product. Channels such as Channel 4 are funded through advertisement.

Product Placement: Where a company pays to have their product on a programme or film. A massive example of this would be James Bond, Skyfall. Product placement was heavily used for products such as Rolex and CAT.

Private Capital: This is when an induvidual invests money into a channel and they can be funded by this.

Crowd-Funding: This is when a group of wealthy people invest their money into a channel.

Development Funds: Are 'pots' of money that is used to help new and upcoming filmakers. The BFI do this aswell. They invest their money to help new and upcoming filmmakers finish and make their films. The National Lottery also does this as well, a section of their money goes towards new filmmakers.




References
Public Service Broadcasting: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_broadcasting
Channel 4: http://www.channel4.com/info/corporate/about
Time Warner: http://www.timewarner.com/
Private Ownership: http://admediacanada.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/media-ownership-public-and-private.html
^ vertical, horizontal and monopoly ^
Global Media: http://newint.org/magazine/ni333-media.pdf